Gender equality on the slide?

[Religious Dick]

Gender equality on the slide?
6 August 2008

Support for gender equality in Britain and the US appears to have peaked and could now be going into decline, research at Cambridge University has revealed.

The study, by Professor Jacqueline Scott from the University's Department of Sociology, found evidence of "mounting concern" that women who play a full and equal role in the workforce do so at the expense of family life.

Although there are no signs of a full-scale gender-role backlash, there does appear to be growing sympathy for the old-fashioned view that a woman's place is in the home, rather than in the office.

The study appears in a new book, Women And Employment; Changing Lives And New Challenges, which Professor Scott also edited. The majority of the contributors form part of an ongoing research network on Gender Inequalities funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

"The notion that there has been a steady increase in favour of women taking an equal role in the workplace and away from their traditional role in the home is clearly a myth," she said.

"Instead, there is clear evidence that women's changing role is viewed as having costs both for the woman and the family.

"It is conceivable that opinions are shifting as the shine of the 'super-mum' syndrome wears off, and the idea of women juggling high-powered careers while also baking cookies and reading bedtime stories is increasingly seen to be unrealisable by ordinary mortals."

The survey compared the results of social attitude surveys from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s - using recent data from the International Social Survey Programme as well as older polls. Professor Scott focused on the results from Britain, the United States and - because the earlier surveys pre-dated the fall of the Berlin Wall - the former Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).

In each survey, samples of between 1,000 and 5,000 people were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements. Statements such as "A husband's job is to earn income; a wife's to take care of the children," were designed to test their overall views on gender equality. Others, such as "Family life suffers if a woman works full time," examined whether they considered maternal employment as harmful to children or families.

The study shows that while British attitudes are more egalitarian than in the 1980s, there are signs that support for gender equality may have hit a high point some time during the 1990s. When it comes to the clash between work and family life, doubts about whether a woman should be doing both are starting to creep in.

In the 1990s, for example, more than 50% of women and 51% of men said they believed that family life would not suffer if a woman went to work. Since then, the figure has fallen - to 46% of women and 42% of men. Fewer people (54.9% of women and 54.1% of men) now take the view that a job is the best way for a woman to be independent than in 1991.

The results are even more extreme in the United States, where the percentage of people arguing that family life does not suffer if a woman works has plummeted, from 51% in 1994 to 38% in 2002. About the same number of West Germans (37%) agree; but the number there has risen, having been just 24% in the mid-1990s.

Professor Scott argues that each country is at a different stage in a cycle of sympathy for gender equality. In West Germany, where up until the 1990s a large majority of people still believed that men should be the family breadwinners while women stayed at home, acceptance for the notion of working mums is now increasing.

In Britain and the US, however, where support for equal opportunities for both sexes is much longer-standing, some people are now starting to have second thoughts. In most cases, this appears to revolve around concerns that the welfare of children and of the family are being compromised the more women spend their time at work and find themselves lumbered with the double burden of employment and family care.

The report adds that there should now be further investigation into whether the attitude shift is occurring because caring for the family is seen as predominantly women's work, or because people feel there is no practical alternative to a woman fulfilling the role.

"A change in attitude is not the same thing as a change in behaviour, but attitudes do matter," Professor Scott added. "Women - particularly mothers - can experience considerable strain when attitudes reinforce the notion that employment and family interests conflict.

"If we are to make progress in devising policies that encourage equal working opportunities for women, we need to know more about what gender roles people view as practical, as possible and as fair."

Women And Employment: Changing Lives And New Challenges is published by Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.

http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2008080601

[Religious Dick]

And interestingly enough....


Monday, August 11 2008 This Morning  14?C Mostly cloudy This Afternoon 19?C Mostly cloudy 5-Day Forecast
Time Warp Wives: Meet the women who really do live in the past

By Diana Appleyard

Last updated at 10:06 AM on 08th August 2008

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The credit crunch, a knife crime epidemic - no wonder so many of us are sick of the 21st century. Most of us just grumble, but some women have taken radical action to escape what they see as the soulless grind of modern life. Meet the 'Time Warp Wives', who believe that life, especially marriage, was far more straightforward in the Thirties, Forties and Fifties.

1950s                                                                               

Joanne Massey, 35, lives in a recreation of a 1950s home in Stafford with her husband Kevin, 42, who works as a graphics application designer. Joanne is a housewife. She says:

I love nothing better than fastening my pinny round my waist and baking a cake for Kevin in my 1950s kitchen.

I put on some lovely Frank Sinatra music and am completely lost in my own little fantasy world. In our marriage, I am very much a lady and Kevin is the breadwinner and my protector.
Enlarge   time warp wives

Joanne Massey: 'Living like this makes me happier'

We've been married for 13 years and we're extremely happy because we both know our roles. There is none of the battling for equality that I see in so many marriages today.

What's wrong with wanting to be adored and spoiled? If I see a hat I like, I say 'Oh, we can't afford that' and Kevin says: 'You have it, I'll treat you.'

I don't even put petrol in our Ford Anglia car, which is 43 years old, because I think that is so unladylike. I ask Kevin to do it.

I make sure our home is immaculate, there is dinner on the table, and I look pretty to welcome my husband home.

My kitchen is an original 'English Rose' design, with units made from metal, which was very much the 'in thing' then.

We bought it from a family in Scotland who saw our advert in an antiques magazine.

They had it in their garage to keep tools in, so it needed renovation. I have an original Kenwood Mixer, the phone is bright pink Bakelite, and even my crockery is original 1950s.

Enlarge   time warp wives

Feel good: Debbie's lifestyle makes her feel 'as if I?m living in
one of those old-fashioned TV shows where everything is always wonderful'

We had the hall carpet made for us with an authentic swirling geometric pattern. I like to close the front door, pull off my gloves and know that I am in my own world.

I only ever wear 1950s clothing, such as tight pencil skirts, a white blouse and a wide belt.

Kevin wears 'modern' clothes for work, but at weekends he wears a smart suit and a trilby.

I admit I am in retreat from the 21st century. When I look at the reality of the world today, with all the violence, greed and materialism, I shudder. I don't want to live in that world.
Enlarge   Joanne Massey

Relaxed: Joanne thinks modern life is too hectic and likes to take her time

Neither of us drinks and our social life revolves around visiting like-minded friends for tea and cakes.

I try not to interact with the modern world too much at all. Shopping in supermarkets is an ordeal, and I only recently realised that Tony Blair is no longer Prime Minister as I don't read newspapers - they are just too distressing.

We do have a television set, but we hide it in a retro cabinet and only watch things like Miss Marple, Poirot and Foyle's War.

My obsession began as a teenager, when I loved old movies because they seemed to represent a halcyon time, when women were more feminine and men more protective.
Enlarge   time warp wives

Authentic: Joanne only ever wears 1950s clothing and her furniture is also from the era

I went to a grammar school and could have gone to university, but chose to work in a bank.

I was marking time until I met the right man. Kevin and I met in 1993 at a Fifties Convention, and we had an old-fashioned courtship before he proposed.

I was ecstatic, because I had found someone with the same passion for the period.

Today's society is all rush, rush, rush, whereas I like to take my time. I never leave the house without lipstick on, and I also like to help neighbours - collecting their pensions and doing shopping for them, just as women in the 1950s would do.

It may sound silly, but living like this really does make me happier - as though I'm existing in one of those old-fashioned TV shows where everything is always wonderful.

My despair at the modern world is one of the reasons why we haven't had children.

I would be terrified they would be offered drugs, or become the victims of violence.

Some women I meet ask me if I feel patronised by being a housewife and spending my time caring for Kevin, but I never would.

At work, he gets teased because he's the only one with home-made cakes and even home-made jam in his sandwiches.

But I often wonder if his colleagues aren't slightly jealous that he has a wife who devotes herself to his happiness. How many men these days can really say that?

1940s                                                                                 

Debbie Cleulow, 34, lives in Upper Tean in Staffordshire with her husband Martin, 38, who works for a JCB contractor. Debbie says:

When I see a girl walking down the street wearing next to nothing, I think: 'Why don't you have more respect for yourself?'

Other women may laugh at my determination to make my home perfect for my husband, Martin, but I enjoy spending my leisure time baking cakes and sewing.
Enlarge   time warp wives

Debbie Cleulow: 'I try to make my home perfect for my husband'

I really believe that women today have lost their way, with bingedrinking ladettes and children as young as 11 going out in tiny tops.

The age of innocence has been lost and it is such a shame. My idol is Ava Gardner and when I watch her films - as I do all the time - I think that so much has been lost from today's society.

I've made my home a shrine to the Forties, and I only ever wear clothes from that decade. Other people may laugh at me, but I really don't care.

I think I have a far happier marriage than many other people I meet, because we have strict demarcations in our roles.

I do all the cleaning, ironing, washing and cooking, and Martin puts up shelves and looks after the car. He's the breadwinner and I create a lovely - and loving - environment for him.

I met Martin when I was 17 - we lived in the same village - and he has been my only serious boyfriend.

It's so much more romantic only ever to have been in love with one man. My obsession with the 1940s really began through Martin, as he was already going to Forties events when we met.

I have spent so many happy hours sourcing retro furniture and kitchen gadgets for our home, and gradually we are eradicating every trace of the modern age.
Debbie Cleulow

Retro: Debbie and her husband attract plebty of attention when they leave the house

We have an old black Bakelite phone, I use a retro Swan kettle and a full 1940s dinner service which my parents bought for us from an antiques centre.

I inherited our oak bedroom suite from my grandparents. It's stamped with the 'CC41' utility mark, which shows it complies with the rationing of the time.

Likewise, some of my clothes are stamped with the same mark. I wear vintage dresses during the day, and for evenings and weekends I will dress up in the full glamour of satin evening dresses with high heels.

I wouldn't dream of leaving the house without gloves and a hat. When we go out, we do attract a lot of attention and some people laugh, but I think that is their problem.

We aren't friendly with anyone who doesn't share our love of the Forties. Some people might think I am hiding my head in the sand, harking back to an age that is long gone.

But to me, the 1940s was a time when people were much more friendly to each other - they really cared about their neighbours.

As it is, I hardly know the people who live next to us. Of course, I'm not such a Luddite that I don't use modern medicines and other comforts of modern life when I need to, but I find a genuine happiness in living in a time when life was simpler.

My job is to devote myself to Martin. He has a physical, stressful job and he loves coming home to a wife who looks pretty, has his meal ready in an immaculate house and has all the time in the world for him.

1930s                                                                                 

Diane Rowlands, 38, works parttime in a customer service centre. She lives with Martin, who is 40 and works in a warehouse. Diane says:

My love for the Thirties started with the music. As a teenager, I loved to listen to the big band sound and I would sit entranced for hours watching films starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. They were so glamorous.

Back then, the world just seemed a sunnier place, even though it was an austere time between the wars.
Enlarge   time warp wives

Diane Rowlands: 'Ideally, I?d spend all day in my pinny'

Women were these amazingly glamorous creatures, with their perfect hair and immaculate makeup, and they were treated with such respect by men.

Men and women knew their roles in society and there wasn't all this pressure on women to have to go out to work and try to be equal to men.

I do work part-time, but only because we need the money. However, we still have clearly defined roles in the home and I am the one who does most of the cooking and cleaning.

I adore baking cakes and if I had my way I would spend all of my days in my pinny, making my house look immaculate.

Martin and I spend hours sourcing clothes from the 1930s and I am always dressed in period costume.

I usually spend around ?50 to ?150 per item. I buy them from the internet and vintage clothing specialists, and I have wardrobes full of wonderful old clothes and items such as cloche hats and Mary-Jane shoes with T-bar straps.

At first I was a bit dubious about going out dressed in Thirties clothing, but I am totally used to it now.
Diane Rowlands

Anyone for tea? Diane spends hours on the internet sourcing items for her 1930s lifestyle

Comments from strangers can be pretty bitchy, though, because people just don't like anything that's out of the ordinary.

The Thirties was a much more moral time and there was a real camaraderie between people.

I try to escape from where we are now and rarely read newspapers because I find today's world so depressing.

The pace of life today is so hectic and I think there is so much pressure on women to be like men. It is all wrong.

I love to wear dresses and skirts, look immaculate and be treated like a lady. My home is entirely decorated with 1930s furniture, wallpaper, carpets and ornaments.

Retreating to this world is our sanctuary.

    * Time Warp Wives is on Channel Four tonight at 7.30pm.


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