In France, the "Academie Française de la Langue" is responsible. In Spanish, there is the "Academia real de la lengua español", is the authority, and ther is a branch in every Spanish speaking country. In German, I think the Gross Worderbuch is the authority. There is something that describes usage, spelling and style for each language that has a written form, I think, but it varies from one language to another.
Haitian Creole does not have a written authority, but people TRY to sound like they are from the nicer parts of Port au Prince, I have heard.
In English, there is Standard American English, and the dictionary is the authority. In the UK there is a Standard British Broadcast English, and there is the OED, the Oxford English Dictionary. There are grammar, usage and style books that are considered authorities. Spelling is the aspect that people pay most attention to with regard to English.
Do a search on "Standard American Broadcast English" and British Broadcast English" and you will find out more.
So far as I know, governments might subsidize a publication, but I don't know of any that enforce standards with fines or punishments. As a rule, the most accepted standard is the usage of people of the upper middle class who have a good education. The US standard is English as spoken in the upper Midwest: Omaha and Lincoln Nebraska are often mentioned.